1. Uyini umoya? Uyini umoya ojwayelekile?
Impendulo: Umkhathi ozungeze umhlaba, sijwayele ukuwubiza ngokuthi umoya.
Umoya ongaphansi kwengcindezi ecacisiwe engu-0.1MPa, izinga lokushisa elingu-20°C, kanye nomswakama ohlobene ongu-36% umoya ojwayelekile. Umoya ojwayelekile uhlukile emoyeni ojwayelekile ngokushisa futhi uqukethe umswakama. Uma kukhona umhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni, uma umhwamuko wamanzi usuhlukanisiwe, ivolumu yomoya izoncishiswa.
2. Iyini incazelo ejwayelekile yesimo somoya?
Impendulo: Incazelo yesimo esijwayelekile yile: isimo somoya lapho ingcindezi yokumunca umoya ingu-0.1MPa kanti izinga lokushisa lingu-15.6°C (incazelo yemboni yasekhaya ingu-0°C) ibizwa ngokuthi isimo esijwayelekile somoya.
Esimweni esijwayelekile, ubuningi bomoya buyi-1.185kg/m3 (umthamo wokukhipha umoya, umshini wokomisa, isihlungi kanye neminye imishini yokucubungula ngemuva kokucubungula uphawulwa yizinga lokugeleza esimweni esijwayelekile somoya, kanti iyunithi ibhalwa njenge-Nm3/min).
3. Uyini umoya ogcwele kanye nomoya ongagcwele?
Impendulo: Ezingeni lokushisa elithile kanye nengcindezi, okuqukethwe komhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni omanzi (okungukuthi, ubuningi bomhwamuko wamanzi) kunomkhawulo othile; lapho inani lomhwamuko wamanzi eliqukethwe ekushiseni okuthile lifinyelela okuqukethwe okuphezulu okungenzeka, umswakama ngalesi sikhathi Umoya ubizwa ngokuthi umoya ogcwele. Umoya omanzi ongenawo okuqukethwe okuphezulu okungenzeka komhwamuko wamanzi ubizwa ngokuthi umoya ongagcwali.
4. Kungaphansi kwaziphi izimo lapho umoya ongagcwali uba umoya ogcwele? Kuyini “ukufinyela”?
Ngesikhathi lapho umoya ongagcwali uphenduka umoya ogcwele, amaconsi amanzi acwebezelayo azohlangana emoyeni omanzi, okubizwa ngokuthi “ukujiya”. Ukujiya kuvamile. Isibonelo, umswakama womoya ehlobo uphezulu kakhulu, futhi kulula ukwakha amaconsi amanzi ebusweni bepayipi lamanzi. Ekuseni kwasebusika, amaconsi amanzi azovela emafasiteleni engilazi ezakhamuzi. Lawa umoya omanzi opholile ngaphansi kwengcindezi engaguquki ukuze ufinyelele iphuzu lamazolo. Umphumela wokujiya ngenxa yokushisa.
5. Kuyini ukucindezela komoya, ukucindezela okuphelele kanye nokucindezela kwesilinganiso? Yiziphi amayunithi avamile okucindezela?
Impendulo: Ingcindezi ebangelwa ungqimba olukhulu kakhulu lomkhathi oluzungeze ubuso bomhlaba ebusweni bomhlaba noma ezintweni ezingaphezulu ibizwa ngokuthi “ingcindezi yomoya”, kanti uphawu luyi-Ρb; ingcindezi esebenza ngqo ebusweni besitsha noma into ibizwa ngokuthi “ingcindezi ephelele”. Inani lengcindezi liqala kusuka ku-vacuum engenalutho, kanti uphawu luyi-Pa; ingcindezi elinganiswa ngama-gauge okucindezela, ama-gauge okucindezela, amashubhu anomumo we-U kanye nezinye izinsimbi ibizwa ngokuthi “ingcindezi yokulinganisa”, kanti “ingcindezi yokulinganisa” iqala kusuka kungcindezi yomoya, kanti uphawu luyi-Ρg. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalokhu okuthathu buyi
I-Pa=Pb+Pg
Ukucindezela kubhekisela emandleni ngendawo ngayinye, kanti iyunithi yokucindezela ingu-N/square, echazwa ngokuthi i-Pa, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Pascal. I-MPa (MPa) ivame ukusetshenziswa kwezobunjiniyela
1MPa=10 amandla esithupha e-Pa
Ingcindezi ejwayelekile yomoya engu-1 = 0.1013MPa
1kPa=1000Pa=0.01kgf/isikwele
1MPa=10 amandla esithupha Pa=10.2kgf/isikwele
Esimisweni esidala samayunithi, ingcindezi ivame ukuvezwa ku-kgf/cm2 (amandla ekhilogremu/isentimitha lesikwele).
6. Kuyini izinga lokushisa? Yiziphi iziyunithi zokushisa ezisetshenziswa kakhulu?
A: Izinga lokushisa liyisilinganiso sezibalo sokunyakaza kokushisa kwama-molecule ento ethile.
Izinga lokushisa eliphelele: Izinga lokushisa eliqala kusukela ekushiseni okulinganiselwe okuphansi kakhulu lapho ama-molecule egesi eyeka ukuhamba, abizwa ngokuthi u-T. Iyunithi “uKelvin” kanti uphawu lweyunithi ngu-K.
Izinga lokushisa le-Celsius: Izinga lokushisa eliqala endaweni yokuncibilika kweqhwa, iyunithi ingu-“Celsius”, kanti uphawu lweyunithi ngu-℃. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe aseBrithani naseMelika avame ukusebenzisa “izinga lokushisa le-Fahrenheit”, kanti uphawu lweyunithi ngu-F.
Ubudlelwano bokuguqulwa phakathi kwamayunithi amathathu okushisa bungu
T (K) = t (°C) + 273.16
t(F)=32+1.8t(℃)
7. Iyini ingcindezi engaphelele yomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni omanzi?
Impendulo: Umoya omanzi uyinhlanganisela yomhwamuko wamanzi nomoya owomile. Emthanjeni othile womoya omanzi, inani lomhwamuko wamanzi (ngesisindo) livame ukuba ngaphansi kakhulu kunelomoya owomile, kodwa lithatha ivolumu efanayo nomoya owomile. , futhi linokushisa okufanayo. Ingcindezi yomoya omanzi iyisamba sezingcindezi ezingaphelele zamagesi ayingxenye (okungukuthi, umoya owomile nomhwamuko wamanzi). Ingcindezi yomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni omanzi ibizwa ngokuthi ingcindezi engaphelele yomhwamuko wamanzi, ekhonjiswe njenge-Pso. Inani layo libonisa inani lomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni omanzi, lapho okuqukethwe komhwamuko wamanzi kuphakeme, kulapho umhwamuko wamanzi uphakama khona ingcindezi engaphelele. Ingcindezi engaphelele yomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni ogcwele ibizwa ngokuthi ingcindezi engaphelele yomhwamuko wamanzi, ekhonjiswe njenge-Pab.
8. Ungakanani umswakama womoya? Ungakanani umswakama?
Impendulo: Inani elibonakalayo elibonisa ukoma kanye nomswakama womoya libizwa ngokuthi umswakama. Izinkulumo zomswakama ezivame ukusetshenziswa yilezi: umswakama ophelele kanye nomswakama ohlobene.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, isisindo somhwamuko wamanzi esitholakala emoyeni omanzi ngevolumu engu-1 m3 sibizwa ngokuthi “umswakama ophelele” womoya omanzi, kanti iyunithi ingu-g/m3. Umswakama ophelele ubonisa kuphela ukuthi umhwamuko wamanzi ungakanani oqukethwe kumthamo weyunithi yomoya omanzi, kodwa awubonisi ikhono lomoya omanzi lokumunca umhwamuko wamanzi, okungukuthi, izinga lomswakama womoya omanzi. Umswakama ophelele uwubuningi bomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni omanzi.
Isilinganiso senani langempela lomhwamuko wamanzi eliqukethwe emoyeni omanzi nenani elikhulu kakhulu lomhwamuko wamanzi ekushiseni okufanayo sibizwa ngokuthi “umswakama ohlobene”, ovame ukuvezwa yi-φ. Umswakama ohlobene φ uphakathi kuka-0 no-100%. Uma inani le-φ lincane, umoya woma futhi amandla okumunca amanzi aqina; lapho inani le-φ lilikhulu, umoya omanzi uyancipha futhi amandla okumunca amanzi abuthakathaka. Amandla okumunca umswakama womoya omanzi nawo ahlobene nokushisa kwawo. Njengoba izinga lokushisa lomoya omanzi likhuphuka, ingcindezi yokugcwala iyanda ngokufanele. Uma okuqukethwe komhwamuko wamanzi kungashintshi ngalesi sikhathi, umswakama ohlobene φ womoya omanzi uzokwehla, okungukuthi, amandla okumunca umswakama womoya omanzi ayanda. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwegumbi le-air compressor, kufanele kuqashelwe ukugcina umoya ungena, ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa, ukungabikho kokukhipha amanzi, kanye nokuqongelela kwamanzi ekamelweni ukuze kuncishiswe umswakama emoyeni.
9. Kuyini okuqukethwe umswakama? Ungakubala kanjani okuqukethwe umswakama?
Impendulo: Emoyeni omanzi, isisindo somswakama wamanzi esiku-1kg womoya owomile sibizwa ngokuthi “umswakama” womoya omanzi, ovame ukusetshenziswa. Ukukhombisa ukuthi okuqukethwe komswakama ω cishe kufana nomfutho ongaphelele womswakama wamanzi i-Pso, futhi kufana nomfutho womoya ophelele i-p. ω kubonisa kahle inani lomhwamuko wamanzi elikuwo emoyeni. Uma umfutho womoya uvame ukungaguquguquki, lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya omanzi lingaguquguquki, i-Pso nayo ingaguquguquki. Ngalesi sikhathi, umswakama ohlobene uyanda, okuqukethwe komswakama kuyanda, kanye namandla okumunca umswakama ayancipha.
10. Ubuningi bomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni ogcwele buxhomeke kuphi?
Impendulo: Okuqukethwe komhwamuko wamanzi (ubuningi bomhwamuko wamanzi) emoyeni kunqunyelwe. Ebangeni lokucindezela kwe-aerodynamic (2MPa), kungacatshangwa ukuthi ubuningi bomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni ogcwele buxhomeke kuphela ekushiseni futhi abuhlobene nokucindezela komoya. Uma izinga lokushisa liphakeme, kulapho ubuningi bomhwamuko wamanzi ogcwele bukhula khona. Isibonelo, ku-40°C, imitha eyi-cubic eyodwa yomoya inobuningi bomhwamuko wamanzi ogcwele obufanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukucindezela kwayo kungu-0.1MPa noma u-1.0MPa.
11. Uyini umoya omanzi?
Impendulo: Umoya oqukethe inani elithile lomhwamuko wamanzi ubizwa ngokuthi umoya omanzi, kanti umoya ongenawo umhwamuko wamanzi ubizwa ngokuthi umoya owomile. Umoya osizungezile ungumoya omanzi. Endaweni ethile ephakeme, ukwakheka kanye nesilinganiso somoya owomile kuzinzile, futhi akunalo ukubaluleka okukhethekile ekusebenzeni kokushisa komoya wonke omanzi. Nakuba okuqukethwe komhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni omanzi kungekukhulu, ushintsho lokuqukethwe lunethonya elikhulu ezimpahleni zomzimba zomoya omanzi. Inani lomhwamuko wamanzi linquma izinga lokoma kanye nomswakama womoya. Into esebenzayo ye-air compressor umoya omanzi.
12. Kuyini ukushisa?
Impendulo: Ukushisa uhlobo lwamandla. Amayunithi asetshenziswa kakhulu: KJ/(kg·℃), cal/(kg·℃), kcal/(kg·℃), njll. 1kcal=4.186kJ, 1kJ=0.24kcal.
Ngokwemithetho ye-thermodynamics, ukushisa kungadluliselwa ngokuzenzekelayo kusuka ekugcineni kokushisa okuphezulu kuya ekugcineni kokushisa okuphansi ngokusebenzisa i-convection, i-conduction, imisebe nezinye izinhlobo. Uma kungekho ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwangaphandle, ukushisa akusoze kwabuyiselwa emuva.
13. Kuyini ukushisa okunengqondo? Kuyini ukushisa okucashile?
Impendulo: Enkambisweni yokushisa noma yokupholisa, ukushisa okumuncwa noma okukhishwe yinto lapho izinga lokushisa layo likhuphuka noma lehla ngaphandle kokushintsha isimo sayo sokuqala kubizwa ngokuthi ukushisa okunengqondo. Kungenza abantu babe nezinguquko ezicacile ekubandeni nasekushiseni, okuvame ukukalwa nge-thermometer. Isibonelo, ukushisa okumuncwa ngokukhuphula amanzi kusuka ku-20°C kuya ku-80°C kubizwa ngokuthi ukushisa okunengqondo.
Uma into imunca noma ikhipha ukushisa, isimo sayo sesigaba siyashintsha (njengoba igesi iba uketshezi…), kodwa izinga lokushisa alishintshi. Lokhu kushisa okumunca noma okukhishwe kubizwa ngokuthi ukushisa okucashile. Ukushisa okucashile akunakulinganiswa nge-thermometer, futhi nomzimba womuntu awukwazi ukukuzwa, kodwa kungabalwa ngokuhlola.
Ngemva kokuba umoya ogcwele ukhiphe ukushisa, ingxenye yomhwamuko wamanzi izoshintsha ibe ngamanzi acwebezelayo, futhi izinga lokushisa lomoya ogcwele alinciphi ngalesi sikhathi, futhi le ngxenye yokushisa okukhishweyo ukushisa okucashile.
14. Iyini i-enthalpy yomoya?
Impendulo: I-enthalpy yomoya ibhekisela ekushiseni okuphelele okusemoyeni, ngokuvamile okusekelwe ku-unit mass yomoya owomile. I-enthalpy imelelwa uphawu ι.
15. Iyini iphuzu lamazolo? Lihlobene nani?
Impendulo: Iphuzu lamazolo izinga lokushisa lapho umoya ongagcwali unciphisa izinga lokushisa lawo ngenkathi ugcina ingcindezi engaphelele yomhwamuko wamanzi ingaguquki (okungukuthi, ukugcina okuqukethwe kwamanzi okuphelele kungaguquki) ukuze kufinyelele ekugcwaleni. Lapho izinga lokushisa lehla liye endaweni yamazolo, amaconsi amanzi ahlanganisiwe azongena emoyeni omanzi. Iphuzu lamazolo lomoya omanzi alihlobene nje kuphela nezinga lokushisa, kodwa futhi lihlobene nenani lomswakama emoyeni omanzi. Iphuzu lamazolo liphezulu ngokuqukethwe kwamanzi aphezulu, kanti iphuzu lamazolo liphansi ngokuqukethwe kwamanzi aphansi. Ezingeni lokushisa elithile lomoya omanzi, lapho izinga lokushisa lamazolo liphezulu, kulapho ingcindezi engaphelele yomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni omanzi iba nkulu, futhi kulapho okuqukethwe komhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni omanzi kuba nkulu. Izinga lokushisa lamazolo lisetshenziswa kakhulu ebunjiniyelani be-compressor. Isibonelo, lapho izinga lokushisa lokukhipha le-compressor yomoya liphansi kakhulu, ingxube ye-oyela negesi izoguquguquka ngenxa yezinga lokushisa eliphansi emgqonyeni we-oyela negesi, okuzokwenza uwoyela wokugcoba uqukethe amanzi futhi kuthinte umphumela wokugcoba. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa lokukhipha le-compressor yomoya kumele lakhiwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi aliphansi kunokushisa kwamazolo ngaphansi kwengcindezi engaphelele ehambisanayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-17-2023
