1. Uyini umoya?Uyini umoya ovamile?
Impendulo: Umkhathi ozungeze umhlaba, sijwayele ukuwubiza ngokuthi umoya.
Umoya ongaphansi kwengcindezi eshiwo engu-0.1MPa, izinga lokushisa elingu-20°C, kanye nomswakama ohlobene ongu-36% umoya ovamile.Umoya ojwayelekile uyahluka emoyeni ojwayelekile ezingeni lokushisa futhi uqukethe umswakama.Uma kunomhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni, lapho umhwamuko wamanzi usuhlukanisiwe, umthamo womoya uzoncishiswa.
2. Ithini incazelo yesimo esijwayelekile somoya?
Impendulo: Incazelo yesimo esijwayelekile ithi: isimo somoya lapho ingcindezi yokudonsa umoya ingu-0.1MPa kanti izinga lokushisa lingu-15.6°C (incazelo yemboni yasekhaya ingu-0°C) ibizwa ngokuthi isimo somoya esijwayelekile.
Esimeni esijwayelekile, ukuminyana komoya kungu-1.185kg/m3 (umthamo we-compressor exhaust, isomisi, isihlungi nezinye izinto zokusebenza ngemuva kokucubungula kumakwa izinga lokugeleza esimweni esijwayelekile somoya, kanti iyunithi ibhalwe ngokuthi Nm3/ imiz).
3. Uyini umoya ogcwele kanye nomoya ongagcwele?
Impendulo: Ekushiseni okuthile nokucindezela, okuqukethwe komhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni oswakeme (okungukuthi, ukuminyana komhwamuko wamanzi) kunomkhawulo othile;lapho inani lomhwamuko wamanzi eliqukethwe ekushiseni okuthile lifinyelela izinga eliphezulu lokuqukethwe, umswakama ngalesi sikhathi Umoya ubizwa ngokuthi umoya ogcwele.Umoya oswakeme ongenawo ubuningi bomhwamuko wamanzi ubizwa ngokuthi umoya ongagcwalisiwe.
4. Kungaphansi kwaziphi izimo lapho umoya ongagcwele ugcwala umoya?Kuyini “i-condensation”?
Ngaleso sikhathi lapho umoya ongagcwalisiwe uba umoya ogcwele, amaconsi amanzi awuketshezi azofingqa emoyeni onomswakama, obizwa ngokuthi “i-condensation”.Ukufingqa kuvamile.Isibonelo, umswakama womoya ehlobo uphakeme kakhulu, futhi kulula ukwenza amaconsi amanzi ebusweni bepayipi lamanzi.Ekuseni kwasebusika, amaconsi amanzi azovela emafasiteleni engilazi abahlali.Lona umoya onomswakama opholiswe ngaphansi kwengcindezi eqhubekayo ukuze ufinyelele iphuzu lamazolo.Umphumela wokufiphala ngenxa yezinga lokushisa.
5. Iyini ingcindezi ye-atmospheric, i-absolute pressure kanye ne-gauge pressure?Yiziphi izingxenye ezivamile zokucindezela?
Impendulo: Ukucindezela okubangelwa ungqimba olujiyile kakhulu lomkhathi ozungeze ubuso bomhlaba endaweni noma ezintweni ezingaphezulu kubizwa ngokuthi “umfutho womkhathi”, futhi uphawu ngu-Ρb;ingcindezi esebenza ngqo phezu kwesitsha noma into ibizwa ngokuthi “ukucindezela okuphelele”.Inani lokucindezela liqala ku-vacuum ephelele, futhi uphawu luyi-Pa;ingcindezi elinganiswa ngamageji okucindezela, ama-vacuum gauge, amashubhu amise okwe-U nezinye izinsimbi ibizwa ngokuthi “i-gauge pressure”, futhi “gauge pressure” iqala ngomfutho womoya, futhi uphawu luthi Ρg.Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalaba bobathathu bu
Pa=Pb+Pg
Ingcindezi isho amandla eyunithi ngayinye, futhi iyunithi yokucindezela ithi N/square, echazwa ngokuthi i-Pa, ebizwa nge-Pascal.I-MPa (MPa) evame ukusetshenziswa kwezobunjiniyela
1MPa=10 amandla esithupha Pa
1 umfutho womkhathi ojwayelekile = 0.1013MPa
1kPa=1000Pa=0.01kgf/isikwele
1MPa=10 amandla esithupha Pa=10.2kgf/isikwele
Kuhlelo oludala lwamayunithi, ingcindezi ivamise ukuvezwa ngo-kgf/cm2 (amandla ekhilogremu/isentimitha yesikwele).
6. Kuyini izinga lokushisa?Imaphi amayunithi okushisa asetshenziswa kakhulu?
A: Izinga lokushisa isilinganiso sezibalo sokunyakaza okushisayo kwama-molecule ento.
Izinga lokushisa eliphelele: Izinga lokushisa eliqala kusukela ezingeni lokushisa elilinganiselwe eliphansi kakhulu lapho ama-molecule egesi ema ukuhamba, okuchazwa ngokuthi T. Iyunithi ithi “Kelvin” futhi uphawu lweyunithi ngu-K.
Izinga lokushisa le-Celsius: Izinga lokushisa eliqala endaweni yokuncibilika kweqhwa, iyunithi ithi “Celsius”, futhi uphawu lweyunithi ngu-℃.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe aseBrithani naseMelika avame ukusebenzisa "izinga lokushisa lika-Fahrenheit", futhi uphawu lweyunithi ngu-F.
Ubudlelwano bokuguqulwa phakathi kwamayunithi amathathu okushisa bu
T (K) = t (°C) + 273.16
t(F)=32+1.8t(℃)
7. Ingakanani ingcindezi eyingxenye yomhwamuko emoyeni oswakeme?
Impendulo: Umoya oswakeme uyingxube yomhwamuko wamanzi nomoya owomile.Ngomthamo othile womoya oswakeme, inani lomhwamuko wamanzi (ngesisindo) ngokuvamile lingaphansi kakhulu kunomoya owomile, kodwa lithatha umthamo ofanayo nomoya owomile., futhi abe nezinga lokushisa elifanayo.Ukucindezela komoya oswakeme kuyisamba sezingcindezi zengxenye yamagesi akhona (okungukuthi, umoya owomile nomhwamuko wamanzi).Ukucindezela komhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni oswakeme kubizwa ngokuthi ukucindezela okuyingxenye komhwamuko wamanzi, okuchazwa ngokuthi i-Pso.Inani lawo libonisa inani lomhwamuko emoyeni oswakeme, uma uphakeme umhwamuko wamanzi, uyanda umfutho wamanzi ngokwengxenye.Ukucindezela okuyingxenye komhwamuko emoyeni osuthisiwe kubizwa ngokuthi ukucindezela kwengxenye egcwele komhwamuko, okuchazwa ngokuthi i-Pab.
8. Kuyini umswakama womoya?Umswakama ongakanani?
Impendulo: Inani elibonakalayo eliveza ukoma nokuswakama komoya libizwa ngokuthi umswakama.Izinkulumo zokuswakama ezivame ukusetshenziswa yilezi: umswakama ophelele kanye nomswakama ohlobene.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ubuningi bomhwamuko wamanzi oqukethwe emoyeni onomswakama ongu-1 m3 ubizwa ngokuthi “umswakama ophelele” womoya oswakeme, futhi iyunithi ingu-g/m3.Umswakama ophelele ubonisa kuphela ukuthi ungakanani umhwamuko wamanzi oqukethwe kuvolumu yeyunithi yomoya onomswakama, kodwa awubonisi ikhono lomoya onomswakama ukumunca umhwamuko wamanzi, okungukuthi, izinga lomswakama womoya oswakeme.Umswakama ophelele ukuminyana komhwamuko osemoyeni oswakeme.
Isilinganiso senani langempela lomhwamuko wamanzi oqukethwe emoyeni onomswakama kuya kusilinganiso esiphezulu esingaba khona somhwamuko wamanzi ezingeni lokushisa elifanayo libizwa ngokuthi “umswakama ohlobene”, ovame ukuvezwa ngu-φ.Umswakama ohlobene φ uphakathi kuka-0 no-100%.Isilinganiso sika-φ esincane, umoya woma kakhulu namandla okumunca amanzi;inani elingu-φ elikhulu, umoya oswakeme kanye nokuba buthaka kwamandla okumunca amanzi.Amandla okumunca umswakama womoya onomswakama nawo ahlobene nezinga lokushisa lawo.Njengoba izinga lokushisa lomoya oswakeme likhuphuka, ingcindezi ye-saturation iyanda ngokufanele.Uma okuqukethwe komhwamuko wamanzi kuhlala kungashintshile ngalesi sikhathi, umswakama ohlobene φ womoya onomswakama uzokwehla, okusho ukuthi, amandla okumunca umswakama womoya omswakama Uyanda.Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwegumbi le-compressor yomoya, ukunakwa kufanele kukhokhwe ekugcineni umoya, ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa, ukungabikho kwe-drainage, nokuqoqwa kwamanzi ekamelweni ukuze kuncishiswe umswakama emoyeni.
9. Kuyini umswakama?Ungabala kanjani umswakama?
Impendulo: Emoyeni onomswakama, isisindo somhwamuko wamanzi oqukethwe ku-1kg womoya owomile ubizwa ngokuthi “umswakama” womoya onomswakama, osetshenziswa kakhulu.Ukukhombisa ukuthi umswakama ω ucishe ulingane nomhwamuko wamanzi ukucindezela ingxenye ye-Pso, futhi ngokuphambene ngokulingana nengqikithi yokucindezela komoya p.ω ubonisa kahle inani lomhwamuko oqukethwe emoyeni.Uma ukucindezela komkhathi ngokuvamile kuhlala njalo, lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya oswakeme lingaguquki, i-Pso nayo ihlala njalo.Ngalesi sikhathi, umswakama ohlobene uyakhula, umswakama uyanda, namandla okumunca umswakama ayancipha.
10. Kuncike kuphi ukuminyana komhwamuko osemoyeni osuthekile?
Impendulo: Okuqukethwe komhwamuko wamanzi (umhwamuko wamanzi) osemoyeni kunqunyelwe.Kububanzi bengcindezi ye-aerodynamic (2MPa), kungacatshangwa ukuthi ukuminyana komhwamuko emoyeni osuthisiwe kuncike kuphela ezingeni lokushisa futhi akuhlangene nokucindezela komoya.Uma izinga lokushisa liphakeme, kukhulu ukuminyana komhwamuko wamanzi ogcwele.Isibonelo, ku-40°C, i-cubic meter yomoya inomthamo ofanayo womhwamuko wamanzi ogcwele kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingcindezi yawo ingu-0.1MPa noma 1.0MPa.
11. Uyini umoya onomswakama?
Impendulo: Umoya oqukethe inani elithile lomhwamuko wamanzi ubizwa ngokuthi umoya omswakama, futhi umoya ongenawo umhwamuko wamanzi ubizwa ngokuthi umoya owomile.Umoya osizungezile uwumoya onomswakama.Ekuphakameni okuthile, ukwakheka kanye nengxenye yomoya owomile ngokuyisisekelo kuzinzile, futhi ayinakho ukubaluleka okukhethekile kokusebenza okushisayo kwawo wonke umoya oswakeme.Nakuba umhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni oswakeme ungemkhulu, ukushintsha kokuqukethwe kunethonya elikhulu ezintweni ezibonakalayo zomoya onomswakama.Inani lomhwamuko wamanzi linquma izinga lokomisa kanye nomswakama womoya.Into esebenzayo ye-compressor yomoya umoya omanzi.
12. Kuyini ukushisa?
Impendulo: Ukushisa kuwuhlobo lwamandla.Amayunithi asetshenziswa kakhulu: KJ/(kg·℃), cal/(kg·℃), kcal/(kg·℃), njll. 1kcal=4.186kJ, 1kJ=0.24kcal.
Ngokusho kwemithetho ye-thermodynamics, ukushisa kungadluliselwa ngokuzenzekelayo kusuka ekupheleni kokushisa okuphezulu kuya ekugcineni kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi ngokusebenzisa i-convection, conduction, radiation nezinye izinhlobo.Uma kungekho ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwangaphandle, ukushisa akusoze kwahlehliswa.
13. Kuyini ukushisa okunengqondo?Kuyini ukushisa okucashile?
Impendulo: Ngesikhathi sokushisisa noma ukupholisa, ukushisa okumunca noma okukhishwe into lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka noma lehla ngaphandle kokushintsha isimo saso sesigaba sangempela kubizwa ngokuthi ukushisa okunengqondo.Kungenza abantu babe nezinguquko ezisobala emakhazeni nasekushiseni, ngokuvamile okungalinganiswa nge-thermometer.Isibonelo, ukushisa okumuncwa ngokukhuphula amanzi ukusuka ku-20°C kuya ku-80°C kubizwa ngokuthi ukushisa okunengqondo.
Uma into imunca noma ikhulula ukushisa, isimo sayo siyashintsha (njengegesi iba uketshezi…), kodwa izinga lokushisa alishintshi.Lokhu kushisa okumuncwe noma okukhishiwe kubizwa ngokuthi ukushisa okucashile.Ukushisa okucashile akukwazi ukukalwa nge-thermometer, noma umzimba womuntu ungakuzwa, kodwa kungabalwa ngokuhlola.
Ngemuva kokuthi umoya ogcwele ukhiphe ukushisa, ingxenye yomhwamuko izongena emanzini awuketshezi, futhi izinga lokushisa lomoya ogcwele aliwehli ngalesi sikhathi, futhi le ngxenye yokushisa okukhishiwe iwukushisa okucashile.
14. Iyini i-enthalpy yomoya?
Impendulo: I-enthalpy yomoya ibhekisela ekushiseni okuphelele okuqukethwe emoyeni, ngokuvamile okusekelwe ku-unit mass yomoya owomile.I-Enthalpy imelelwa uphawu ι.
15. Liyini iphuzu lamazolo?Ihlobene nani?
Impendulo: Iphoyinti lamazolo izinga lokushisa lapho umoya ongagcwele wehlisa izinga lokushisa ngenkathi ugcina ukucindezela okuyingxenye komhwamuko wamanzi kungashintshi (okungukuthi, ukugcina okuqukethwe okuphelele kwamanzi kungashintshi) ukuze kufinyelele ukugcwala.Lapho izinga lokushisa lehla lifika endaweni yamazolo, amaconsi amanzi ajiyile azogcwala emoyeni onomswakama.Iphuzu lamazolo omoya onomswakama alihlobene nje kuphela nezinga lokushisa, kodwa futhi lihlobene nenani lomswakama emoyeni oswakeme.Iphuzu lamazolo liphezulu namanzi amaningi, futhi indawo yamazolo iphansi futhi iphansi yamanzi.Emazingeni athile okushisa omoya oswakeme, izinga lokushisa liphakeme kakhulu lamazolo, kuba mkhulu ukucindezela okuyingxenye komhwamuko emoyeni oswakeme, futhi kuba mkhulu umhwamuko wamanzi emoyeni oswakeme.Izinga lokushisa lamazolo linokusetshenziswa okubalulekile kubunjiniyela be-compressor.Isibonelo, lapho izinga lokushisa le-outlet le-compressor yomoya liphansi kakhulu, ingxube ye-oyela-gas izoncipha ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi emgqonyeni we-oil-gas, okuzokwenza amafutha okugcoba aqukethe amanzi futhi athinte umphumela wokugcoba.Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa eliphumayo le-compressor yomoya kufanele lenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi alikho ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lamazolo ngaphansi kwengcindezi eyingxenye ehambisanayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-17-2023
